Novelist Salman Rushdie led condemnations on Monday (20) of Roald Dahl's children's books being re-edited for a modern audience, calling it "absurd censorship" by "bowdlerising sensitivity police".
Publishers Puffin have made hundreds of reported changes to characters and language in Dahl's stories, including making the diminutive Oompa-Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory gender-neutral and calling Augustus Gloop enormous rather than fat.
Mrs Twit in The Twits is also no longer ugly, but beastly instead, while the Cloud-Men in James and the Giant Peach are now "Cloud-People".
Also, the words "black" and "white" in certain contexts are no longer used. For instance, characters can no longer "turn white with fear", and the Big Friendly Giant in "The BFG" cannot wear a black cloak.
Another example of the changes made in the new editions can be seen in a section of "The Witches", where a reference to a "double chin" has been removed.
The criticism comes amid a growing trend for publishers to employ so-called "sensitivity readers" who work alongside editors to identify references to gender, race, weight, violence or mental health that might offend readers.
A spokesperson for the Netflix-owned Roald Dahl Story Company, which controls the rights to the books, said it was not unusual for publishers "to review the language used" for new print runs and that its guiding principle had been to try to maintain the "irreverence and sharp-edged spirit of the original text".
A spokesperson for the company said, "We want to ensure that Roald Dahl's wonderful stories and characters continue to be enjoyed by all children today.”
But the edits sparked a wave of criticism.
Rushdie, who lived in hiding for years due to a fatwa calling for his death over his 1988 book The Satanic Verses, said Dahl had been a "self confessed anti-Semite, with pronounced racist leanings, and he joined in the attack on me back in 1989.
"Roald Dahl was no angel, but this is absurd censorship. Puffin Books and the Dahl estate should be ashamed," he wrote on Twitter.
Dahl's books have sold over 250 million copies worldwide.
Some of his most popular stories have been turned into blockbuster films such as last year's Matilda the Musical and The BFG (2016) which was directed by Steven Spielberg.
Suzanne Nossel, head of freedom of expression body PEN America, said she was "alarmed" by the edits.
"Amidst fierce battles against book bans and strictures on what can be taught and read, selective editing to make works of literature conform to particular sensibilities could represent a dangerous new weapon.
"Those who might cheer specific edits to Dahl's work should consider how the power to rewrite books might be used in the hands of those who do not share their values and sensibilities."
"His Dark Materials" author Philip Pullman took aim at the influence of sensitivity readers on young authors.
He said less established writers found it "hard to resist the nudging towards saying this or not saying that.
"If Dahl offends us, let him go out of print," he told BBC radio adding that millions of Dahl books with the original text would remain in circulation for many years whatever the changes to new editions.
Others highlighted how the "nasty" elements of Dahl's stories were exactly what made them popular with children.
Prime minister Rishi Sunak also weighed in on the debate.
"The Prime Minister agrees with the BFG that you shouldn't gobblefunk around with words," his spokesperson told reporters.
The expression - meaning to play around - is a reference to a line spoken by the big friendly giant in the book.
Dahl, who passed away at the age of 74 in 1990, was a beloved author in the UK, but his legacy has been marred by controversial comments he made throughout his life that were considered antisemitic.
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